Charlotte Brontë’S Writing Was Considered Controversial

Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s writing was considered controversial because of the position of the main character being opposite of what was represented by women in the time period. Her style of writing was influenced by her life, her loss of several family members and her sister’s similar styles of writing. Charlotte Brontà « was brought up among terrible conditions, with much loss and change in her lifetime. Charlotte Brontà « was born on April 21, 1816 as the third daughter of Maria Branwell and Reverend Patrick Brontà «. In 1820, her family moved to Haworth, where her mother died a year later. In 1831, Charlotte became a student at the school at Roe Head, but soon left to teach her sisters. She returned to Roe Head as a governess, but soon departed†¦show more content†¦Charlotte Brontà « died on March 31, 1855, after a lengthy and painful illness. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s tough life is summarized by her quote, which states that â€Å"Life is so constructed, that the event does not, cannot, will not, match the expectation.†. The common style of writing for this time period is represented in her book Jane Eyre, Shirley, and The Professor. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s works were greatly influenced by her life, which was riddled with trouble and loss. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s works were greatly influenced by her life, which was riddled with trouble and loss. The passing of her mother, and later, her two eldest sisters, deeply marked her. The loss Charlotte experienced was represented in Jane Eyre, where the main character leads a childhood similar to Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s. The isolation she was raised in also played a role in her writing, this because her and her siblings were only able to communicate with each other, causing her and her sister’s writing styles to be very similar. These similarities led to the public thinking that many of the separate sisters’ works to be written by only one person. Another factor tha t influenced Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s writing was the change of career- shifting from writing poetry to writing novels. Brontà «, in her early years, experimented with forms of poetry that were characteristic of the Victorian period, but soon settled into her own signature style of writing. Brontà « s decision to abandon poetry for novel writing exemplifies theShow MoreRelatedFeminism in the Novel Jane Erye Essay examples1241 Words   |  5 Pagesrights which were offered to men was known as feminism. Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writing for over two centuries, with the view articulating in the â€Å"19th century meaning that women were inherently equal to men and deserved equal rights and opportunities.† (Gustafson, 1) Many women throughout time have stood forward towards women’s rights. Jane Eyre was written and published during the Victorian Era. The novel was written by Charlotte Brontà «, but published under the Read MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre1423 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in Jane Eyre Jay Sheldon Feminism has been a prominent and controversial topic in writings for the past two centuries. With novels such as Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, or even William Shakespeares Macbeth the fascination over this subject by authors is evident. In Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre the main character, Jane Eyre, explores the depth at which women may act in society and finds her own boundaries in Victorian England. As well, along with the notions of feminism oftenRead MoreExplore How the Theme of Isolation Is Used in of Jane Eyre with Particular Focus on the Opening Chapters3688 Words   |  15 Pagesthe theme of isolation is used throughout the novel Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte, with particular focus on the opening chapters. When Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre in 1847, it became an immediate bestseller. It contained themes of which were previously rarely brought to light and of which many believed to be controversial, such as womens place in the Victorian society, of which Bronte lived in. Jane Eyre was written in first person narrative. This technique immediately allows theRead More Symbolism and Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper2041 Words   |  9 PagesSymbolism and Repression in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is as a wonderful example of the gothic horror genre. It was not until the rediscovery of the story in the early 1970’s that â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was recognized as a feminist indictment of a male dominated society. The story contains many typical gothic trappings, but beneath the conventional faà §ade hides a tale of repression and freedom told in intricate symbolism as seen throughRead MoreThe, Ellis And Acton Bell1871 Words   |  8 PagesAnne Brontà « was born January 17, 1820 in Yorkshire, England. She grew up in Victorian England with her two older sisters, Charlotte and Emily. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s mother died when she was only a year old, so her father and aunt raised her. As Brontà « grew older she began to recognize her love for art and music. Her aunt attempted to teach her and her sisters how to run a home and take care of a family, but all three were much mor e interested in literature. Brontà « was highly educated at home and decided she wantedRead MoreJane Eyre As Reflected Through Relationships1924 Words   |  8 Pagesof depending on men for what to do. The novel, Jane Eyre, was published in an era before woman had been given rights, so when Charlotte and her sisters, Emily and Anne began writing novels under their pseudonyms Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell which acted as the male identities needed to succeed in writing during the time their novels were published. Bronte’s best known novel, Jane Eyre, was published during the 19th century and is considered a revolutionary novel its time. One of the major themes ofRead MoreAnne Brontes Literary Success as a Visionary Writer1908 Words   |  8 Pagesconsequences of taking liberty with the laws of nature. Yet, the couple was persistent. â€Å"So be it†, said the Perfect Master and after nine months a baby-girl was born to the couple, but strangely, her right was folded an d the child had a natural cell phone (made of flesh and blood) in her grip. She was not able to stretch her hands. â€Å"This child is part of the generation that we are going to get after ninety years, and I have pulled a soul that was due to take birth then, for your present benefit†, said the PerfectRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagesaspect is change. Nearly every institution of society was affected by rapid and unforeseeable changes.  As some writers greeted them with fear and others embraced the progress, this essay will guide a reader through an important era in English literary history and introduce with the voices that influenced its shape and development. It was the novel that was the leading form of literature in the 19th century England. The term ‘novel’ itself was a simple narrative form, which in opposition to its forerunner

Consumer Discrimination And Sexual Orientation Based...

Earlier this year, the concepts of consumer discrimination and sexual orientation based discrimination have come to a forefront in American politics and should be dealt with through federal legislation (Payne, 2015). Two arguments which can be used to argue on the side of discrimination are the First Amendment used in tandem with corporate personhood and the First Amendment used on its own. I argue, however, that corporate personhood is not a legitimate argument nor is the First Amendment grounds for an individual to discriminate against another. Another defense of discrimination against consumers is the first section of the Thirteenth Amendment. The elimination and prevention of the entirety of such discrimination could be carried out through enacting a single two part law. Two defenses of discrimination include a combination of the First Amendment with each current precedent regarding corporations and of its own accord. Current precedent is the concept of corporate personhood wherein a corporation is treated as a person albeit with controversy regarding their treatment (Ripken, 2010). When this precedent is used in tandem with the provision that the free exercise of religion shall not be prohibited in the First Amendment, this makes a case that the government may not prohibit a corporation from exercising a religion (U.S. Const. amend. XIX). The other possible argument regarding the First Amendment is the individual’s right to exercise their religion. Each of theseShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Organizational Diversity And Diversity Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiences and skills presented by each employee in terms of cultural understanding, language, and personalities. Diversity also provides organizations with increased adaptability as dif ferent employees bring a variety of solutions to deal with consumer constant demands and changes as well as fluctuating markets. Moreover, diversity is essential for overall organizational growth as each diverse individual brings their own experience and talents thereby contributing to organizational growth. ThroughRead MoreControversial Issues Like Same Sex Marriage1481 Words   |  6 Pagesdespised and highly opposed by a majority of people nationwide. They believed it distorted the institution of marriage, traditionally between a man and woman, and subsequently, lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgenders (LGBTs) are subjected to discrimination. Then again, legitimizing same-sex marriage is not an issue that general society ought to be fussing over. The main problem for LGBTs is the implementation of their human rights; the rights that are denied by the administration and state lawsRead MoreSexual Orientation Diversity Management At Small And Large Organizations1235 Words   |  5 PagesCase for Sexual Orientation Diversity Management in Small and Large Organizations I. Introduction A. â€Å"Approximately 9 million Americans identify themselves as being lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). With alternate sexual orientation. Managers and employees are becoming more tolerant and there is a growing respect for individuals with non-traditional sexual orientation† (Mathis, Jackson, Valentine, 2014, p. 3-4d). B. Organizations must build strong, creative, talent based workforceRead MoreGender And Sexual Orientation Of Diversity1582 Words   |  7 Pagesand hospitality industry. At present the gender and sexual orientation not only are held hostage-cutting in various parts of the world changes in the process, but also by the transformation of society throughout the thousand-state changes. They put gender as a key variable, focusing inspected it with other social differences cross interaction. In their view, all grades are interrelated, gender, race, ethnicity, national, class, sexual orientation, age, geographical, and many of the differences thatRead MoreWhat Makes A Business A Good Business? Essay3442 Words   |  14 Pagesthem coming out to employers, wage inequality, GLBT employee support groups, the effects of GLBT (non) discrimination on the workplace and business outcomes are identified as the major themes of my current review. Social institutions, legal frameworks, and cultural no rms were determined as the key pillars of sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace. Sexual Discrimination Read MoreWhat Makes A Successful Business?1136 Words   |  5 Pagespercent increase in the percentage of managers that were female led to a one percent increase in return on assets. Businesses will likely benefit financially from hiring more women in leadership roles. With the an increasingly diverse workforce and consumer market, and the rise of the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender workforce over the past years, many employers are trying help their established workforce adapt, and furthermore to bring new staff into the organization s culture. In a 2006 SocietyRead MoreAunt Ellas Pie Company Case Study1255 Words   |  6 Pagesin best practice. The EEOC is responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person s race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information (U.S. EEOC, 2014). Therefore, Human Resource Manager (HRM) has the task of ensuring the business complies with business legal laws and avoiding lawsuits. IntroductionRead MoreBusiness Law and Ethics Case Study on Diversity1186 Words   |  5 Pages78 differs from the â€Å"No beards† policy because the â€Å"No beards† policy does not deal with the uniform of police officers, it deals with the way one is expected to look. The â€Å"No beards† policy allowed beards for medical reasons. When two Muslim sued based on their first amendment rights. The court agreed with the Muslim men, because the city could not prove that allowing the men to wear their required beards would be an undue hardship. The Philadelphia Police Directive deals only with the uniforms andRead MoreThe Independence At Home Act1483 Words   |  6 Pagesthat may extend to residential based home care health services. Even with these protective legislative acts, the needs of the community do not always translate into universal support for nursing homes in residential areas. Many courts continue to make case-by-case decisions concerning community efforts to manage eldercare facilities and services and hospice care with zoning regulations. Regulations that put limits on: (a) square footage, (b) the number of permits based on the distance between facilitiesRead MoreThe Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesOpportunity Commission (EEOC) was established to administer Federal legislation which was initially brought about when Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted (EEOC, n.d.). Title IV makes it unlawful to discriminate against an individual based on their race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. These categories are commonly referred to as, â€Å"protected classes.† Individuals protected by the EEOC include women, minority populations, and groups related to national origin, persons over

Conflict Can Have Tragic Consequences for Everyone. Free Essays

Conflict can have tragic consequences for everyone as the women portrayed in Bereford’s film, Paradise Road, react in a catastrophic manner in the events that lead on as the film progresses. The characters in the film are based on actual people: nurses or wives of major officials and civilians. These women are caught up in the global conflict of World War II and those who manage to survive are, despite any positive outcomes, are dreadfully damaged by their encounter with conflict both physically and emotionally. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Can Have Tragic Consequences for Everyone. or any similar topic only for you Order Now These moments of great unrest are captured in the film that innocent people are too often becoming caught up in and suffer from the effects of great struggle that are not of their own making. The viewers are powerfully positioned to recognise with the three main protagonists, Adrienne, Margaret and Susan, as they come to a conditions with the cruel and frequently tragic circumstances of their situation. In the film’s opening scene, we observe a sight of the protected and usual lives led by women who were fairly unimportant to the conflict of war. Now, plunged into a terrifyingly brutal and unknown world, they come across the tragic consequences of the conflict. On the voyage to the camp, Beresford highlights the ordinary qualities of the women as they move violently to retain their meagre property or endeavour to help each other endure the long walk. Afraid, starving and exhausted, the women are herded like cattle. On their appearance in Sumatra they see the disengaged head of a following prisoner displayed on a pole in the public square. The tragedies that occurred in the prisoners turn out to be a part of their daily lives, as many gave in to the belongings of untreated sickness. The scene with the two children creating simple wooden coffins for dead babies evidently highlights the tragedy of the conflict in the lives of normal people, and suggests that no reason can justify the dreadful consequences of violent conflict. Children are a figure of innocence in the film. The innocent suffers the most in situations of tremendous conflict. The camp cemetery, with its rows upon rows of white crosses, is exposed as the camera pans across the penal complex compound throughout a performance of the vocal orchestra, enlightening the large numbers of prisoners who died all through the course of their imprisonment. The film also shows how intense conflict situations positions everyday people beneath a strange pressure, provoking and exacerbating conflicts on a private level, both between and within individuals. Stressed, sorrowing and deprived, a number of the women in Paradise Road find themselves positioned in a ethically and politically compromised condition when confronted with the option as to whether to remain at the Japanese ‘officers’ club’, providing sex in return for food and comfort, or to return to the camp. Those who choose to be recognise by the bribe of the officers who are not only prostituting themselves but are also consorting with the enemy. Likewise, Adrienne was positioned in a compromising situation when she was asked if the orchestra will carry out a Japanese song for Colonel Hirota. She refuses, risking cruel punishment. At the same time, she makes a diverse option, to that of the women of the officers’ club, Beresford emphasises that war, and the struggle for survival, places harshly and unusual stress on individuals, which is able to cause them to act in ways they would not normally behave; as Sister Wilhelmina intelligently acknowledges, it is not fair to judge the events of others in a period of severe disagreement. In conclusion, conflict has the potential to allow an individual the ability to face challenges in order to overcome them and finally to grow as a person. The range of conflicts that acts as a basis towards venous responses ranging from the extreme life changing circumstances to those that are minor, but yet a significant ambition to change. Refereeing to the film ‘Paradise Road’ we have seen many faces that have been challenged trough out their lives. However the women are able to follow their presence with the determination, courage and peace. How to cite Conflict Can Have Tragic Consequences for Everyone., Essay examples

Analysis Of The Company Issue And Implications For The HR Strategy

Question: explaining whats going with Deutsche bahn and german train drivers but i have the guideline on the picture of all the thing that i have to talk about it Answer: 1.Analysis of the Business Issue a.The Situation in the Industry, Trends and Competition The Rail Industry in the country Germany has a strong demand characterization. This industry has sophisticated financing and organization activities. The German Rail industry also abides by complex budgetary and economic requirements. The fundamental structure of the long distance passenger rail transport in the country is foreseeing several changes in the next few years. The Deutsch Bahn Fernverkehr AG is the market leader in the Industry which was allocated around 70 percent of the countrys rail budget (SCI Multi client studies, 2013). The competitors to the Deutsch Bahn Fernverkehr AG are non-electrified routes and networks that are having around 6 percent of market share in the industry. The player Veolia Verkehr is the main competitor b. Business Strategy of DB The Business Strategy of the market leader Deutsch Bahn Fernverkehr would be to unify its market presence in terms of achieving better efficiency, technology adaptation and commerciality in its operations. The Company strategizes to come up with new multiple units. The Locomotive- hauled trains would be accordingly removed from the market, replaced by efficient and technology savvy electric trains. (DW, 2014). Main Reasons for development described in the Article The Main reasons for development of the urban rail market according to the Article are as follows (DW, 2014): The increasing demand for the rail services necessitates the development in this area. The Increasing over loading of the road transport services of the country makes higher dependency on rail network. The overloading of public roads and car parking shortages especially in the inner city areas, fuel the necessity for development of the urban rail market The Rising fuel prices for vehicular transportation The Increasing attractiveness of urban rail transportation. 2.HR Strategy a. Strategy that HR needs to embrace to support the business strategy in the given context The HR has to carefully deal with the tense situation of series of strike being conducted by GDL, which is affecting the economy and business of the country. The dependency of the commuter transportation and freight transportation of the Deutsch Bahn, is very high (BBC News Europe, 2014). Hence HR of the Deutsch Bahn, the state owned company should quickly try to come up with a win-win situation to resolve the issue. Introduction of Performance linked wage system instead of merely increasing the wage rate in a fixed pattern, can be an in-between solution to this issue. The Wage rate of the workers may be directly linked to the number of hours of operations, so the worker that works for more than the minimal work hours, would automatically be paid increased wage amounts. b. Chapters of the textbook that help address the issue The concepts and theories of the Human resource management studies would be quite a useful in analyzing the issues involved in the Deutsch Bahns case and formulate solutions to overcome the tensed situation. The issue of the Article is mainly surrounded with conflict resolution in the work place, and wage and salary administration. Thus, this issue can be addressed with reference to the following chapters of the book- Determination of the wage Structure Wage incentive schemes Conflicts in Personnel Management. Collective Bargaining Joint Consultation and Participation Settlement of Disputes Handling disciplinary and legal matters 3.HR implementation a.The Likely next steps that the HR Organization should take in the situation The following are the likely steps that the HR organizations may take to deal with the discussed situation in the Article: Conducting careful analysis of the situation and issues Trying to strike a conversation with the members of the GDL and putting efforts to take them in the consideration Attempting Persuasion techniques with the GDL union members with utmost patience, tolerance and display of affection (The Local, 2013). Showing readiness to increase the wage payoff, in exchange of increased performance or work for extended hours. Tying to strike the right balance between the conflict and coming up with a win-win situation for both GDL as well as DB b.The methods and ways in which the HR can deal with the situation; and the list of stakeholders and their role in the situation: The following are the Key methods and ways with which the HR can effectively deal with the dispute situation between the DB and GDL: 1.Integration of the Interest of the Employees and Management The management could have worked together with the union representatives to set a balance between accepted hours of work and adequate payment of wages as per the market rates. The union representatives could have agreed to ensure maximum productivity by their workers in return for their demand of increased compensation 2.Filing Legal Disputes in context of public litigation for the inconvenience caused to the local commuters and Goods transporters. The Suit filed in the court of law, in form of the public litigation, can also include the amount of opportunity losses that the German economy is constantly suffering due to continuous periodic strikes by the GDL (Word Socialist website, 2014). 3.Going for a partial Disinvestment (Privatization) in the Deutsch Bahn on an immediate basis. Co-ordinate efforts by the management of the state owned company Deutsch Bahn, with the regulators of the country, can help the company disinvest its share to the Private Sector. This would in turn help curb this issue, as the decision of the wage increment, would not remain in the sole hands of this state owned company. The following are the list of the key stakeholders that would be involved in the situation: The Management an Board of Directors of the Deutsch Bahn All Employees of the Deutsch Bahn The Union leaders and Members of GDL The Customers and commuters utilizing the rail services The Suppliers of the Deutsch Bahn The General Public and Community at large The German Government and the regulators The Media Representatives 4.Alternative solutions a.The company Deutsch Bahn could have offered wage revision to its workers based on their performance shown by each of them on their respective jobs. Thus, a performance based wage structure instead of offering a fixed wage revision could have been a way out of these disputes. The company Deutsch Bahn would have to take few steps back wards in terms of formulating measurable models to regularly measure the performance and the job hours completed by each of the workers with the company. The highly efficient workers (cream of the group) could have been given wage increments. b.Performance Recognition is a very important tool in the Hands of an HR manager that can be used, whenever and wherever, money is a non-determinant factor (Ulrich Dave, 1996). The well performing workers could have been kept happy by the company, by recognizing their contributions and efforts towards their services to the company. The workers could have been motivated and kept happy in this manner. c.Persuasion, with the Help of utmost patience, tolerance, consideration and affection displayed by the management of the company towards the worker, while negotiating terms with the workers, in a tiff situation, may even have done wonders in the negotiation process (Johnason, 2009). References BBC News Europe, 2014, Deutsch Bahn strike hits Berlin Wall commemorations, retrieved from DW, 2014, DB not quite back on track, but GDL strike ends early, retrieved from DW, 2014, German Train drivers strike to end on Saturday, retrieved from DW, 2014, German train drivers union close to deal, retrieved from DW, 2014, Major German train drivers strike hits DBs passenger services, retrieved from Johnason, P. ,2009, HRM in changing organizational contexts, In D. G. Collings G. Wood (Eds.), Human resource management: A critical approach (pp. 19-37), London: Routledge SCI Multi client studies, 2013, The German Railway Market: Facts, Figures, Players and Trends, SCI/ Verkehr cologne 2013. The Local, 2013, Rail strikes not over yet: local GDL boss, retrieved from Ulrich Dave, 1996, Human Resource Champions. The next agenda for adding value and delivering results, Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Word Socialist website, 2014, German GDL union shuts down train drivers strike, retrieved from

World Politics Issues

World politics refers to a globally prominent academic journal that specializes in political science. World politics was initiated in 1948. Scholars are usually encouraged to make as many contributions as possible. The key role of world politics is printing research articles, which contributes empirically and theoretically to researches, review articles, and materials concerned with politics and global relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Politics Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The journal is extremely important in the field of global relations. This paper aims at discussing why the issues of governance, performance, and international organization behavior are relevant in world politics. In 1944, the Rwandese Hutu government collaborated with the extremist allies and almost brought the Tutsi minority to an end. Approximately eight hundred thousand Tutsi were murdered. Some years later, Philip Gourevitch recounted the genocide story in The New Yorker. In the story, Philip claimed that the world governance had the ability to stop the genocide but nothing had been done. Consequently, this story aroused great interest in President Clinton. In response, he sent copies to Sandy Berger where he authorized more investigations. Clinton was amazed at how such a critical genocide could have happened. However, President Clinton showed his outrage and urgency at the wrong time since he had taken no action at the appropriate time to stop the genocide (Barnett and Martha 125). On the same note, President Clinton’s administration had taken no interest to arouse his attention. There were concerns regarding whether President Clinton did not possess information about the genocide as the marginalia pointed out (Kuperman 100). The United States is still engaging in the search for a detailed policy aimed at solving the grave communal conflicts. The comprehensive researches concern the mass killings that occurred in Rwanda, Somalia, and Bosnia. Moreover, they are being carried out years after the killings took place. The key concern is that the nations participating in the researches may have been dormant during the occurrences. Why then are the nations showing concern when it is too late? There are two principles that apply for the Washington’s policymakers. First, the United States ground troops are never allowed to participate in humanitarian involvements when civil wars are taking place. Second, there are exclusions particularly where involvements can be implemented at low costs. It is worth noting that nations voice their intentions to fight against genocide in the political spectrums (Power para 4).Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The majority of the nations consent that the United States should play a more participative role in case of another genocide. However, there is no consent yet about what the interventions of the US would entail. In the case of the Rwandese genocide in 1994, deploying approximately five thousand troops from the US could have prevented the mass killings. This was a claim made by the commanding general from the United Nations in Rwanda. Amazingly, the claim was supported by a wide array of global bodies. The violence and mass killings in Rwanda played a great role in contributing to insecurity in places such as Kigali (Power para 2). During instances of genocides, the governance, performance, and international organization behaviors are usually under test. It is during such a time that the leadership in countries is portrayed by how immediately countries respond to the genocide. Global media reports focus on the country facing the genocide. Works Cited Barnett, Michael and Martha Finnemore. Rules for the World. London: Cornell University Press, 2004. Print. Kuperman, Alan. â€Å"Rwanda in Retrospe ct.† Foreign Affairs (2000): 94-118. Print. Power, Samantha. â€Å"Bystanders to Genocide,† Atlantic Monthly, 2001. Web. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2001/09/bystanders-to-genocide/304571/. This essay on World Politics Issues was written and submitted by user Akira B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

List of Metal Alloys by Base Metal

List of Metal Alloys by Base Metal An alloy is a material made by melting one or more metals together with other elements. This is an alphabetical list of alloys grouped according to the base metal of the alloy. Some alloys are listed under more than one element, since the composition of the alloy may vary such that one element is present in a higher concentration than the others. Aluminum Alloys AA-8000: used for building wireAl-Li (aluminum, lithium, sometimes mercury)Alnico (aluminum, nickel, copper)Duralumin (copper, aluminum)Magnalium (aluminum, 5% magnesium)Magnox (magnesium oxide, aluminum)Nambe (aluminum plus seven other unspecified metals)Silumin (aluminum, silicon)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper)Aluminum forms other complex alloys with magnesium, manganese, and platinum Bismuth Alloys Woods metal (bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium)Rose metal (bismuth, lead, tin)Fields metalCerrobend Cobalt Alloys MegalliumStellite (cobalt, chromium, tungsten or molybdenum, carbon)Talonite (cobalt, chromium)Ultimet (cobalt, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, iron, tungsten)Vitallium Copper Alloys Arsenical copperBeryllium copper (copper, beryllium)Billon (copper, silver)Brass (copper, zinc)Calamine brass (copper, zinc)Chinese silver (copper, zinc)Dutch metal (copper, zinc)Gilding metal (copper, zinc)Muntz metal (copper, zinc)Pinchbeck (copper, zinc)Princes metal (copper, zinc)Tombac (copper, zinc)Bronze (copper, tin, aluminum or any other element)Aluminum bronze (copper, aluminum)Arsenical bronze (copper, arsenic)Bell metal (copper, tin)Florentine bronze (copper, aluminum or tin)Glucydur (beryllium, copper, iron)Guani ­n (likely a manganese bronze of copper, manganese, with iron sulfides and other sulfides)Gunmetal (copper, tin, zinc)Phosphor bronze (copper, tin, and phosphorus)Ormolu (Gilt Bronze) (copper, zinc)Speculum metal (copper, tin)Constantan (copper, nickel)Copper-tungsten (copper, tungsten)Corinthian bronze (copper, gold, silver)Cunife (copper, nickel, iron)Cupronickel (copper, nickel)Cymbal alloys (Bell metal) (copper, tin)Devardas alloy (copper, aluminum, zinc)E lectrum (copper, gold, silver) Hepatizon (copper, gold, silver)Heusler alloy (copper, manganese, tin)Manganin (copper, manganese, nickel)Nickel silver (copper, nickel)Nordic gold (copper, aluminum, zinc, tin)Shakudo (copper, gold)Tumbaga (copper, gold) Gallium Alloys Galinstan (gallium, indium, tin) Gold Alloys Electrum (gold, silver, copper)Tumbaga (gold, copper)Rose gold (gold, copper)White gold (gold, nickel, palladium, or platinum) Indium Alloys Fields metal (indium, bismuth, tin) Iron or Ferrous Alloys Steel (carbon)Stainless steel (chromium, nickel)AL-6XNAlloy 20CelestriumMarine grade stainlessMartensitic stainless steelSurgical stainless steel (chromium, molybdenum, nickel)Silicon steel (silicon)Tool steel (tungsten or manganese)Bulat steelChromoly (chromium, molybdenum)Crucible steelDamascus steelHSLA steelHigh speed steelMaraging steelReynolds 531Wootz steelIronAnthracite iron (carbon)Cast iron (carbon)Pig iron (carbon)Wrought iron (carbon)Fernico (nickel, cobalt)Elinvar (nickel, chromium)Invar (nickel)Kovar (cobalt)Spiegeleisen (manganese, carbon, silicon)FerroalloysFerroboronFerrochrome (chromium)FerromagnesiumFerromanganeseFerromolybdenumFerronickelFerrophosphorusFerrotitaniumFerrovanadiumFerrosilicon Lead Alloys Antimonial lead (lead, antimony)Molybdochalkos (lead, copper)Solder (lead, tin)Terne (lead, tin)Type metal (lead, tin, antimony) Magnesium Alloys Magnox (magnesium, aluminum)T-Mg-Al-Zn (Bergman phase)Elektron Mercury Alloys Amalgam (mercury with just about any metal except platinum) Nickel Alloys Alumel (nickel, manganese, aluminum, silicon)Chromel (nickel, chromium)Cupronickel (nickel, bronze, copper)German silver (nickel, copper, zinc)Hastelloy (nickel, molybdenum, chromium, sometimes tungsten)Inconel (nickel, chromium, iron)Monel metal (copper, nickel, iron, manganese)Mu-metal (nickel, iron)Ni-C (nickel, carbon)Nichrome (chromium, iron, nickel)Nicrosil (nickel, chromium, silicon, magnesium)Nisil (nickel, silicon)Nitinol (nickel, titanium, shape memory alloy) Potassium Alloys KLi (potassium, lithium)NaK (sodium, potassium) Rare Earth Alloys Mischmetal (various rare earths) Silver Alloys Argentium sterling silver (silver, copper, germanium)Billon (copper or copper bronze, sometimes with silver)Britannia silver (silver, copper)Electrum (silver, gold)Goloid (silver, copper, gold)Platinum sterling (silver, platinum)Shibuichi (silver, copper)Sterling silver (silver, copper) Tin Alloys Britannium (tin, copper, antimony)Pewter (tin, lead, copper)Solder (tin, lead, antimony) Titanium Alloys Beta C (titanium, vanadium, chromium, other metals)6al-4v (titanium, aluminum, vanadium) Uranium Alloys Staballoy (depleted uranium with titanium or molybdenum)Uranium may also be alloyed with plutonium Zinc Alloys Brass (zinc, copper)Zamak (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper) Zirconium Alloys Zircaloy (zirconium and tin, sometimes with niobium, chromium, iron, nickel)

Mentoring and Counseling in the Workplace Essay

Mentoring and Counseling in the Workplace - Essay Example Thus, obtaining in-group status may be a prerequisite for subordinates to receive mentoring from their supervisors (McManus). The most critical cycle for effective counseling is the 4Es cycle - Enter, Empathize, Empower and Exit. At a workplace, if people need to share their problems and if they need to go back with a sense of relief, then the most important requisite for a mentor or counselor is that the mentor or counselor needs to build a trust based relationship quickly that could actually help the aggrieved person. Some of the essential characteristics that a mentor or counselor needs to possess as an individual are strong yet effective communication, make an objective assessment of situations, the ability to call a spade a spade and communicating this reality to the person opposite in a way to empower them in their current situation and give feedback effectively. Empathy is one of the soft skills that any person would need to be an effective counselor. Empathy actually means affection clubbed with passion touched by the quality of suffering. This particular characteristic is viewed by many professionals as the most important one in a helping relationship. ... The following are the most important yet critical values that a mentor or counselor needs: 1. A professional qualification with consistently high academic performance. 2. Have the required soft skills to be an effective counselor providing support services to people. 3. Last but not least, needs to have mastered the 4E counseling cycle. Empathy is one of the soft skills that any person would need to be an effective counselor. Empathy actually means affection clubbed with passion touched by the quality of suffering. This particular characteristic is viewed by many professionals as the most important one in a helping relationship. "Empathy is often viewed as conveying sensitivity to the client and trying to understand what "walking in the other guy's shoes" may feel like. The counselor need not necessarily have undergone the experiences of a person who is actually having a problem in order to understand the former's feelings (Brooks/cole - A division of Thomson learning)." Genuineness is another important aspect that any person who intends to take up a counseling profession needs. Genuineness is the expression of true feelings. "To be a genuine mentor or counselor, one must avoid role playing or feeling one way and acting another. Genuine counselors do not take refuge in any specific role, such as therapist. Genuineness involves self-disclosure. It implies a willingness to be known to others (Brooks/cole - A division of Thomson learning)." Balanced Objectivity or Subjectivity - This refers to private, personal and unique ways of experiencing situations. Both these characteristics have their own disadvantages when not balanced properly at a workplace which actually is a collection of various kinds of

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Terrorism - Essay Example The deceased left behind a young family of three. The second victim was a legendary New York employee, Harold H. Sherburne, a man in his mid-60s, whose profession on Wall Street had lasted for four decades. The remaining casualties were James Gezork and Alejandro Berger who were caught up in the incident during their business trip to New York. The first three victims died on the spot, but the last one died later on while undergoing treatment in the hospital. According to Martin, the FALN left a note in a nearby telephone booth to the effect that they were taking full responsibility for the bombing incident at Fraunces Tavern, purposely to eliminate ‘reactionary’ business personalities inside (95). The message elaborated that the light ordnance made of dynamite that the terrorist elements had stuffed into a luggage and sneaked into the entrance to the building’s hallway was used to revenge the perceived American ordered bombing of a Puerto Rican eatery that resulted in 15 casualties barely a fortnight

Memo of intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Memo of intent - Essay Example My thesis statement will be analysis of technology as a driver of innovation in the hotel industry explains the notable hotel success. The focus of my research will rest squarely on technology as a driver of innovation, investigating, technology for customer’s engagement, hospitality systems and customer’s check-ins and checkouts. My three broad headings will be innovation in customer engagement, quality hospitality systems and fast customer check in and check out. My research seeks to investigate contribution of technology in enabling a high level of service in the hotel industry, the new challenges presented in the industry. This undertaking also seeks to address whether technology is efficient and effective when used for real customer engagement, appreciating customers accustomed to online space conducting online transactions for instance advance bookings. According to Ray, soon new central reservations and PMS facilities will be cloud based, improving hospitality systems. Fast check-in and checkouts by customers is an essential function in the hotel industry. Hotel industry also embraces the socia l media sites as strategic communication points (Mattsson, 2009). Technological innovation reduces the time take for check process. I intend to use the article on technology driving innovation in the hotel industry, innovative hotel check-ins by Charles Gandee, 2010. Technology is the lifeblood of innovation in the hotel industry making check-ins experience more personalized more technology compliant and seamless (Mattsson, 2009). Advanced technology means high cost for most average hotels. I will be glad to discus with you following any direction you

General Laws On Prostitution In England And Wales Criminology Essay

General Laws On Prostitution In England And Wales Criminology Essay By failing to address domestic prostitution in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, a much needed opportunity for wholesale reform of the criminal law in this area was lost. At best, subsequent policy reviews and legislation have tinkered at the margins; at worst, they have added to the grounds upon which the current response should be criticized. Discuss. INTRODUCTION In 1998, it was publicised by the Government that there was to be a wholesale assessment of sexual offences and penalties  [1]  . An independent review was duly set up and its recommendations were published in Setting the Boundaries in 2000. While proposals for reform around the areas of, amongst others, rape and sexual assault, were extensively debated and laid out, the review excluded prostitution altogether since it was considered to be beyond their remit. But the review committee did recommend that a further separate review of prostitution be carried out, and the Government responded to this proposal in 2002 by publishing its new policy on sexual offences in Protecting the Public, where it proposed the introduction of a few new offences relating to commercial sexual exploitation. Just a year later, a Bill to give effect to the proposals was passed and received royal assent, which led to the passing of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 (SOA 2003). This research paper will analyse the positive but limited changes made to the laws on prostitution by the SOA 2003. Then subsequent policy reviews and legislation regarding prostitution that took place from year 2004 onwards will be reviewed, detailing both the positive responses and criticisms made towards them. THE GENERAL LAWS ON PROSTITUTION IN ENGLAND AND WALES PRE-2003 Before detailing the limited changes made to the law around prostitution by the SOA 2003, it is worth noting down some of the general laws as they were before the Act was passed. Prostitution itself was (and still is) not illegal but a lot of the associated activities surrounding it are. The Street Offences Act 1959 set out offences that include loitering and soliciting in a public place for the purposes of prostitution  [2]  . Sexual Offences Act 1985 made it an offence to solicit another person or persons for prostitution from a vehicle in a public place and also created an offence of persistent soliciting in a public place. These offences were very sex-specific. The accused must be male and the solicited must be female. Kerb-crawling is an offence under section 1 of the same Act. Provisions relating to brothel-keeping and associated offences were contained in sections 33 to 36 of Sexual Offences Act 1956. CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE SOA 2003 The Act does not establish a wide-ranging set of new prostitution-related offences  [3]  . However, there were a few notable changes to the law: Section 47 makes it illegal to pay for otherwise legal sex with someone who is 16 or 17. Sections 48 to 50 impose heavy punishments for causing or inciting or controlling or arranging or facilitating child prostitution. Section 53 makes it illegal to control another adults prostitution where you gain from it. Section 55 increases the penalties for owning or running a brothel for the purposes of prostitution. Section 56 broadens gender-specific prostitution offences, making them gender-neutral. Causing or inciting prostitution for gain replaces living off the immoral earnings of a prostitute which could be originally only charged against men. Controlling prostitution for gain replaces controlling and directing the actions of a prostitute which could be originally only charged against women. Similarly, the offences of soliciting, loitering and kerb-crawling can now be committed by both men and women. WHAT HAS THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT FAILED TO ADDRESS? Beyond those listed above, it fails to make any significant changes to the law on prostitution. The Act predominantly deals with the exploitation of people through prostitution. But the Act does not, for example, decriminalise loitering or soliciting by children who are involved in prostitution. It does not alter the definition of prostitution  [4]  as meaning a person of over the age of 18. Unfortunately, this means that a child could be labeled as a prostitute regardless of any compulsion or coercion  [5]  . The absence of a thorough review during the process leading to the enactment of the SOA 2003 means that there are holes in this area of the law such as described above. SUBSEQUENT POLICY REVIEWS AND LEGISLATION Green Paper Paying the Price (2004): a consultation document The inadequate and outdated laws on prostitution that stood at that time and the absence of a wholesale review in the stages that led to the passing of the SOA 2003 prompted the New Labour government to publish a consultation paper in 2004 entitled Paying the Price which lays out information and points of views on how best to regulate prostitution in the United Kingdom (UK) and what the Home Office thought to be important issues for debate. For the first time in over fifty years, the government was offering its first review of all prostitution-related legislation  [6]  . The consultation document was described as intending to be the starting point for the development of a realistic and coherent strategy to deal with prostitution  [7]  . It received over 800 responses and the result was published in 2006, which will be considered later on. It is worth noting on the outset that although the Home Secretary at that time, David Blunkett, visualised tolerance zones in certain areas as a way to tackle street prostitution, it was far from what the government actually ended up advocating. In particular, the government called for stricter laws on kerb-crawling to put a clamp down on street prostitution. Positive responses: The document is praised for stressing on the protection of children involved in prostitution, its emphasis on the abuse of fundamental human rights in trafficking and the protection it gives to the welfare needs of those exiting prostitution, while considering the various ways in which other parts of the world deals with prostitution. Criticisms: However, the consultation paper is not uncontroversial and disappoints many. One commentator describes its implementation as involving a loud bark but small bite  [8]  . One of the biggest problems with the document was that, despite the fact that it claimed to be ready for wholesale reform on the regulation of prostitution, considering differing models of regulations adopted by other countries including legalisation, decriminalisation and abolition, its preference to abolition was clear from the very beginning. The document is sympathetic to the idea that womens involvement in prostitution can be reduced by attacking the demand side of the industry by enforcing stricter penalties for kerb-crawling that are intended to target clients. However, it is also important to note that commentators see a problem in taking up a model from another country and transplanting it into the UK as this could potentially lead to the brushing aside of differentials in the cultural settings of the comparative countries  [9]  . This lack of attention to the diversity of sex industries is added by the failure to recognise that providing sexual services are considered to be voluntary work for some women or men. The review regarded prostitution, as a whole, as almost equivalent to violence and harmful to everyone without considering the possibility of a different picture of the industry. Phoenix and Oerton argue that Paying the Price simply ignores the last five centuries of tolerant attitudes in England and Wales towards the actual exchange of sex for money, relocating the problem to prostitution itself rather than its negative effects, which used to be the focus of prostitution laws  [10]  . Related to this is that the approach taken by the consultation means that there is a failure to put equal emphasis on providing routes out for women involved in prostitution and protecting those who wish to stay on selling sex as a voluntary choice as they are unable to find other sufficient means of generating income  [11]  . The fact that the consultation does not take full account of all contexts of prostitution suggests that the proposals are not designed to help all of those engaged in sex work. The consultation document has also been criticised for lacking any acknowledgment of the historical legacy and legal framework in which prostitution in the UK exists. Brooks-Gordon identifies a number of key historical prostitution-related backdrops that the consultation has failed to mention  [12]  . First of all, it has failed to mention that the Wolfendon report importantly differentiated between public nuisance and morality and that the latter should not be something that the law be concerned with. Secondly, the document has failed to include seven reports on sex work by four government committees between 1928 and 1986: the Street offences Committee in 1928, Wolfenden in 1957, the Vagrancy and Street Offences Committee between 1974 and 1976, and the Criminal Law Revision Committee between 1982 and 1986. Thirdly, there was no mention of an independent report which was produced by the Parliamentary Group on Prostitution which was led by Diane Abbott in 1996. But the most important elimination would be the European Convention on Human Right (ECHR), which became part of English law with the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998 in 2000. The relevant inclusion would have been Article 8 which protects the right to respect for private life, which has been shown by case law such as the case of Niemetz v Germany (1993)  [13]  to include a persons sex life, and criminalising paying for sex could fall foul of this right. Related to this is the fact that the document has failed to consider one of the most relevant models of regulation of prostitution for the UK, and that is one of Germany  [14]  . It has been excluded from the document as a feasible model even though it is the most relevant model, designed after the ECHR was incorporated into its law. In Germany, prostitution is regarded as an economic activity within the meaning of the EC Treaty and this influences the meaning of Article 15 of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights which accords individuals with the protection of their profession and the right to work. This could mean that voluntary prostitution also comes under the Article and that women selling sex voluntarily could not be made to exit prostitution. Equally, the document has left out Thailand in its report, where the criminalisation of prostitution bred corruption and organised crime. Although the Dutch model, where there exist toleration zones, is one of the models that the document does consider, it simply dismisses the model as a failure because some workers work outside the toleration zones. It seems that the babyhave been thrown out with the babywater  [15]  and this is unacceptable because it is argued that grey markets exist in any economic market. An acceptable reason of dismissing such a model would instead be, for example, if murder rates are higher with the existence of tolerance zones than without it. On the other hand, the document uncritically accepts the Swedish model, where it is a crime to purchase or attempt to purchase sex. But the major problems that have been caused after the Swedish model has been implemented have been omitted from the analysis. For instance, it has failed to mention that official reports have shown that street solicitation has not declined, and that the media has reported that women with drug addiction have turned to sui cide because of the new law. In effect, the presentation of policy options in the document proves to be both lacking in balance and flawed. Another important issue that has been raised about the document is that concerning the evidence and research used, that they were very selective and biased. For example, sex workers tend to be marginalised and viewed as the other. This status, ONeill argues, leads to a lack of recognition and sex workers being treated like a pariah  [16]  . She argues that there needs to be a politics of inclusion so that the voices of sex workers can be heard within safe spaces through inclusive research methodologies such as Participatory Action Research (PAR). The English Collective of Prostitutes has also pointed out that statistics regarding sex workers are used selectively. Research that found 74 per cent of off-street sex workers sold sex because they need to pay for domestic expenditure and support their children was mentioned in passing and then ignored, while claims that 80 to 95 per cent of sex workers are drug users provide the backdrop of many recommendations  [17]  . The policy reform process had also hushed the views and experiences of male sex workers almost entirely, concentrating only on the role of men in prostitution as mainly the abusers of women and children involved in sex work  [18]  . Although the SOA 2003 made prostitution laws gender-neutral, it is argued that it is not entirely accurate to be assuming that the same conditions exist for men selling sex to men, men selling sex to women, women selling sex to men, and women selling sex to couples  [19]  , the consequence of which neglects the needs of male sex workers. Not only does the document not pay enough attention to the voices and experiences of both female and male sex workers, it also fails to conduct a systematic review of the literature on clients. Research literature on clients are only mentioned six times, five of which were research published during the last century. Obviously, much has been written since the last century and these have been omitted. For instance, recent research on clients shows useful demographic profiles that have important implications on the supply and demand for sexual services. Paying the Price describes the demographic profile of clients as around 30 years of age, married, in full time employment, ignoring research by the Home Office in Tackling Street Prostitution that found that less than half of the men researched were married. Additionally, Tackling Street Prostitution showed that the mean age was 35 years instead of 30. Obviously the omission of recent studies such as Tackling Street Prostitution has led to Paying the Price quoting inaccurate information. Another obvious area that the document has paid little attention to is indoor sex work. Only in the final chapter do indoor markets appear, where the key focus is those experiencing serious exploitation. Also, the consultation document neglected to mention models of policing indoor sex work that are generally considered as successful (Las Vegas, Nevada, Germany), at the same time describing only the limitations of the Australian and Austrian models  [20]  . In essence, the consultation paper did not commence a full review of the law on prostitution. What it did was concentrate on a number of issues. It sought to prevent young people being forced into prostitution, provide exit strategies for those adults involved in sex work and ensure justice against abusers and exploiters for those affected by the industry  [21]  . White Paper A Coordinated Prostitution Strategy and a summary or responses to Paying the Price (2006); The Strategy The result of the consultation was produced in the form of The Strategy, a series of guidelines that have to be followed by the police, local authorities and other agencies that are involved in tackling prostitution. The Strategy prioritises five key aims: prevention, developing routes out for sex workers, tackling off-street prostitution, ensuring justice and tackling demand. But the paramount emphasis is to disrupt the sex markets (Home Office 2006: 1) and this is done by taking a non-tolerant approach to the sex industry, opting for the criminalisation of sex workers and a strict re-enforcement of kerb-crawling laws. In fact, before The Strategy was even published, on 28 December 2005, the Home Office announced through the media that a policy of zero tolerance would be pursued against clients. MP Fiona Mactaggart said: Prostitution blights communities. We will take a zero tolerance approach to kerb crawling. Men who choose to use prostitutes are indirectly supporting drug dealers and abusers. The power to confiscate driving licenses already exists. We want the police to use that power more  [22]  . In relation to kerb-crawling, The Strategy designs a three-staged approach in enforcing the laws. The first stage would be an informal written warning to owners of car registration numbers seen in red light districts. The second stage would involve a re-education program funded by the person arrested, an awareness program that highlights the criminal sanctions and impact of street prostitution, but this is only available to those arrested for the first time. For non-first offenders and for those who refuse re-education programs, the third stage kicks in, which is prosecution. Medical treatment is enforced on street sex workers to give into effect the proposals under the 2007 Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill. And if they do not accept referral to services offering routes out of sex work, they will be cautioned with pre-charge diversion which will subject the sew workers to rules such as compulsory attendance on Drug Intervention Programmes. Another important change to the law is the re-definition of brothel in a bid to regulate off-street prostitution. It is now legal for two or three individuals and a maid to share premises for safety. Positive responses: The Strategy boasts potential for positive changes, especially from what is outlined on pages 3 and 4 under action for government and action for local partnerships  [23]  . For instance: There is a focus on strengthening approaches to child exploitation by ensuring a holistic approach that includes work with schools Inclusion of communities through consultation processes like community conferencing Expanding court diversion and reforming the soliciting law Expanding the Ugly Mugs scheme through Crime Stoppers Recruiting police liaison officers Development of an action planning on trafficking Criticisms: The same sort of criticisms thrown at the consultation document preceding the published responses in The Strategy remain. There is the same lack of detail that leaves many questions unanswered. For instance, the experiences of male sex workers are still excluded. The only mention of that particular group is only in an account by respondents in the beginning criticising that Paying the Price provides scant information on male prostitution (Home Office, 2006:9)  [24]  . But a particular issue that is met by a lot of disapproval is the proposal that two to three women (or men) are allowed to work together in the interest of safety. It is argued that the government has overlooked the discrepancy in off-street working, and that problems might arise in regulating such a wide range of premises. Another step forward that The Strategy has taken which looks more than sensible from the outset but is actually inadequate on a closer inspection is the focus on protection against sexual exploitation and abuse of children and young people. The underlying problem with this is that it reinforces the idea that the young person is only seen as a victim. There is a possibility that some will not choose to stick to a victim label and seek to take control of their lives by, for example, calling the people who groom them their friends and selling sex for food and a roof on top of their head  [25]  . To prevent this and to make sure that young people are not trapped in a vicious cycle of violent relationships with their abusers or those who groom them, it is essential for the government, local authorities and social welfare agencies to work together to supplement the already existing child protection interventions with employment and housing schemes. Just as how exit strategies are put i n place for adults involved in sex work, it is equally as important to design exit strategies that cater more specifically to youths. The first of the three-staged approach that The Strategy takes in dealing with kerb-crawlers has also been attacked as being flawed. There is an assumption that the driver of the car caught on CCTV is looking to pay for sex and the possibility that the car may not even belong to the driver is ignored  [26]  . It may also be possible that the driver is only a friend who is giving a sex worker a lift. Additionally, it has been argued that sending letters to men at home when they may be innocent could disrupt family life. Essentially, no new laws have been introduced by The Strategy. Instead, the existing laws against kerb-crawling have been emphasised as the key setting for the enforcement strategy in order to change the attitude that prostitution is the oldest profession that cannot be eradicated  [27]  . This leads commentators such as Melrose to argue that the new strategy is not very new at all and that the government has missed an important opportunity to radically rethink its approach to prostitution  [28]  . So far, the law on prostitution is piecemeal and contradictory and sex workers continue to be thought of as the other and the victim, which posed a barrier to a holistic strategy for prostitution reform. Indeed, this problem is reinforced by the laissez-fare stance the law has taken to the term common prostitute, which has been repeatedly called to be abolished and which the Criminal Law Revision Committee thought was unreasonably discriminatory to sex workers. There obviously was a need for a wholesale review of the law but The Green Paper Paying the Price and the subsequent Government Strategy proved to be a disappointment to many, especially because of the many omissions and factual errors made in the presentation of legal evidence and research. Ipswich 2006 serial murders Meanwhile, the murders of five prostitutes in Ipswich in November and December 2006 reignited calls for a new approach to tackling the issue. Claims that the laws as they stood were inadequate and that there needed to be a re-examination came from both those who called for decriminalisation and those who wanted tighter controls  [29]  . The former advocated that the New Zealand model should be followed, where seven years ago the laws against prostitution were repealed, as it was argued that decriminalising prostitution is a diversion from prosecuting violent men. The latter supported instead the model used in Sweden, where in 1999 it became a criminal offence to pay for sex but not to offer sex for sale. In early 2008, spurred on by the high-profile Ipswich case, the government headed by Home Secretary Jacqui Smith declared that it would conduct a new six-month review on ways to tackle the demand for prostitution and went to Sweden to look at its policies. The findings of the review were published in November 2008 in Tackling the Demand for Prostitution and at this point, the government has taken a tough stance on street-based prostitution, declaring that they are not inevitable; they are not here to stay. Policing and Crime Bill (2008) Act (2010) The Policing and Crime Bill initially came about following recommendations in government reports that showed that there was a demand for an increase of police accountability to the public, but provisions including those that deal with alcohol, proceeds of crime, gang-related violence and prostitution were later included following the six-month review, turning itself into a comprehensive criminal law bill. It received royal assent on 12 November 2009 and the Act came into effect from 1st April 2010. Part II of the Act concerns sexual offences and sex establishments, and the laws were described by the government as meant for protecting vulnerable women and dampen the demand for prostitution. The key changes effective from the 1st of April 2010 include: Under section 8, men hunting for sex on the street can now be arrested on their first offence. There is no longer a requirement for the police to be satisfied that the men have been persistently kerb-crawling before they can be arrested. It will become an offence under section 14 to pay for sex with someone who has been forced, threatened or exploited or otherwise coerced or deceived into providing the sexual services by someone else who has engaged in such conduct for gain. It will be no defence for a person to say that they did not know the prostitute was being forced or threatened. Conviction of the offence could mean a fine of up to  £1,000, a court summons and a criminal record. Additionally, there is a risk that the name of the defendant will be mentioned in newspapers as part of the name and shame strategy that the government now takes. Section 16 amends the term common prostitute in section 1 of the Street Offences Act 1959 and inserts the word persistently and person into the offence of loitering or soliciting for the purposes of prostitution. The changes now also require that loitering or soliciting is persistent, although it is defined as only two times in a three month period. On the supply side, section 17 replaces fines with therapy. When sentencing a person for soliciting, a judge will be able to issue an order that the prostitute must meet with a supervisor three times within six months of the conviction. This is designed to help them to leave street prostitution. Under section 21 of the Act, the police have more powers to close brothels. Previously, they could only put a clamp down on premises associated with prostitution if anti-social behavior or when class A drugs were involved. It did not take long for these laws to be applied. On the first day that the laws came into force, two men were arrested for having allegedly paid for the sexual services of a prostitute who had been subjected to force and a woman was arrested on suspicion of managing a brothel  [30]  . Positive responses: For the first time ever, a man will not be able to claim ignorance as a defence if he is caught paying for sex. Typical excuses given to the police in the past have included: I thought this was a massage parlour and I thought she was over 18  [31]  . Any explanations and excuses will now be ignored. Researcher Ruth Brisling, from the charity Lilith Project said: the old law only found men who paid for sex with a girl aged 13 or under guilty of a crime. Above that, they could plead ignorance, were given a slap on the wrist and sent home. This new law changes that. Pleading ignorance will no longer be acceptable and paying for sex with a vulnerable woman working against her will now be completely illegal. Others found that targeting clients is the way forward to end prostitution because just relying on laws against trafficking and pimping is inadequate. Helen Atkins of the Poppy Project said: There is no point in just going for the pimps when there is a potentially limitless supply of traffickers and victims. We need to frighten off the clients. Prostitution has become part of a lads night out we need to scare the hell out of them. Criticisms: A major campaign group that opposes the changes made to prostitution laws under the Policing and Crime Act 2009 is the English Collective of Prostitutes, who argue that laws that target only at women suffering exploitation such as increased police powers to close down brothels would drive prostitution, even where no violence is involved and the sex workers are selling sex on their own choice, further underground. They argue that the new laws risk sex workers to greater dangers and deter them from coming forward to authorities for help  [32]  . The Christian Institute argues that the laws do nothing to ensure that the counseling will be inadequate. They assert that there is all the difference in the world between c

Tylenol :: essays research papers

Tylenol What Happened?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October of 1982, Tylenol, the leading pain-killer in the United States at the time faced a crisis. Seven people in Chicago were reported dead after taking Tylenol. 12-year-old Mary Kellerdman of Elk Grove Village, Illinois, Adam Janus of Arlington Heights, Illinois, his brother Stanley Janus, and his wife Theresa Janus, Mary Reiner of Winfield, Paula Price, and Mary McFarland of Elmhurst Illinois was the last victim of the cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules. This happened bﴱᄃecause there was Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules that had been distributed and tampered with. The capsules contained 65 milligrams of cyanide. The amount necessary to kill a human is five to seven micrograms, which means that the person used 10,000 times more poison that what was needed.. The tampering had occurred when the products reached the shelves. The connection between the deaths and the Tylenol was discovered within days by two off-duty firemen who were listing to their pol ice radios. Phillip Cappitelli and Richard Keyworth were the men to make the connection and tell there superiors. What did Tylenol do?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tylenol is part of the Johnson & Johnson Company. Once they made the connection between the report and the Tylenol they put customer safety first, before they worried about the company’s profit. The company immediately informed customers not to consume any type of Tylenol product. To throw away what they had until the extent of the tampering could be determined. Johnson and Johnson stopped all production and advertising. The recall included approximately 31 million bottles of Tylenol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tylenol’s credo is, â€Å"We believe our first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses, and patients, to mothers and fathers and all others who use our products and services. We are responsible for our employees, the men and women who work with us throughout the world. We are responsible to the communities in which we live and work and to the world community as well. Our final responsibility is to our stockholders. How they recovered?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To recover from the crisis Tylenol did a number of things. The first, they knew that that needed to gain consumer confidence so when they re-introduced the product there was a triple-seal tamper-resistant seal. They become the first company to comply with the Food and Drug Administration tamper-resistant packaging. Second they needed to motivate customers to buy the product, so they offered a $2.50 coupon on their purchase. They were available in the newspapers as well as a free number to call. Tylenol :: essays research papers Tylenol What Happened?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October of 1982, Tylenol, the leading pain-killer in the United States at the time faced a crisis. Seven people in Chicago were reported dead after taking Tylenol. 12-year-old Mary Kellerdman of Elk Grove Village, Illinois, Adam Janus of Arlington Heights, Illinois, his brother Stanley Janus, and his wife Theresa Janus, Mary Reiner of Winfield, Paula Price, and Mary McFarland of Elmhurst Illinois was the last victim of the cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules. This happened bﴱᄃecause there was Extra-Strength Tylenol capsules that had been distributed and tampered with. The capsules contained 65 milligrams of cyanide. The amount necessary to kill a human is five to seven micrograms, which means that the person used 10,000 times more poison that what was needed.. The tampering had occurred when the products reached the shelves. The connection between the deaths and the Tylenol was discovered within days by two off-duty firemen who were listing to their pol ice radios. Phillip Cappitelli and Richard Keyworth were the men to make the connection and tell there superiors. What did Tylenol do?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tylenol is part of the Johnson & Johnson Company. Once they made the connection between the report and the Tylenol they put customer safety first, before they worried about the company’s profit. The company immediately informed customers not to consume any type of Tylenol product. To throw away what they had until the extent of the tampering could be determined. Johnson and Johnson stopped all production and advertising. The recall included approximately 31 million bottles of Tylenol.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tylenol’s credo is, â€Å"We believe our first responsibility is to the doctors, nurses, and patients, to mothers and fathers and all others who use our products and services. We are responsible for our employees, the men and women who work with us throughout the world. We are responsible to the communities in which we live and work and to the world community as well. Our final responsibility is to our stockholders. How they recovered?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To recover from the crisis Tylenol did a number of things. The first, they knew that that needed to gain consumer confidence so when they re-introduced the product there was a triple-seal tamper-resistant seal. They become the first company to comply with the Food and Drug Administration tamper-resistant packaging. Second they needed to motivate customers to buy the product, so they offered a $2.50 coupon on their purchase. They were available in the newspapers as well as a free number to call.

Blades Inc Solution of Ifm

Get an answer from tutors to this homework question now: Chapter 5 Blades, Inc. Case Use of Currency Derivative Instruments Blades, Inc. needs to order supplies 2 months ahead of the delivery date. It is considering an order from a Japanese supplier that requires a payment of 12. 5 million yen payable as of the delivery date. Blades has two choices: Purchase two call options contracts (since each option contract represents 6,250,000 yen). Purchase one futures contract (which represents 12. million yen). The futures price on yen has historically exhibited a slight discount from the existing spot rate. However, the firm would like to use currency options to hedge payables in Japanese yen for transactions 2 months in advance. Blades would prefer hedging its yen payable position because it is uncomfortable leaving the position open given the historical volatility of the yen. Nevertheless, the firm would be willing to remain un-hedged if the yen becomes more stable someday.Ben Holt, Blade s chief financial officer ( CFO), prefers the flexibility that options offer over forward contracts or financial officer ( CFO), prefers the flexibility that options offer over forward contracts or futures contracts because he can let the options expire if the yen depreciates. He would like to use an exercise price that is about 5 percent above the existing spot rate to ensure that Blades will have to pay no more than 5 per-cent above the existing spot rate for a transaction 2 months beyond its order date, as long as the option premium is no more than 1. percent of the price it would have to pay per unit when exercising the option. In general, options on the yen have required a premium of about 1. 5 percent of the total transaction amount that would be paid if the option is exercised. For example, recently the yen spot rate was $0. 0072, and the firm purchased a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00756, which is 5 percent above the existing spot rate. The premium for this opt ion was $0. 0001134, which is 1. 5 percent of the price to be paid per yen if the option is exercised.A recent event caused more uncertainty about the yen s future value, although it did not affect the spot rate or the forward or futures rate of the yen. Specifically, the yen s spot rate was still $0. 0072, but the option premium for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00756 was now $0. 0001512. An alter-native call option is available with an expiration date of 2 months from now; it has a premium of $0. 0001134 (which is the size of the premium that would have existed for the option esired before the event), but it is for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00792. The table below summarizes the option and futures information available to Blades: the option premium for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00756 was now $0. 0001512. An alter-native call option is available with an expiration date of 2 months from now; it has a premium of $0. 0001134 (which is t he size of the premium that would have existed for the option desired before the event), but it is for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00792.The table below summarizes the option and futures information available to Blades: Before Event After Event Spot rate $. 0072 $. 0072 $. 0072 Option Information Exercise price ($) $. 00756 $. 00756 $. 00792 Exercise price (% above spot) 5% 5% 10% Option premium per yen ($) $. 0001134 $. 0001512 $. 0001134 Option premium (% of exercise price) 1. 5% 2. 0% 1. 5% Total premium ($) $1,417. 50 $1,890. 00 $1,417. 50 Amount paid for yen if option is exercised (not including premium) $94,500 $94,500 $99,000 Futures Contract Information Futures price $. 06912 $. 006912 As an analyst for Blades, you have been asked to offer insight on how to hedge. 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages for Blades to use currency option contracts and currency futures contracts to hedge its 12. 5 million yen payables respectively? 2. If Blades uses call o ptions to hedge its yen payables, should it use the call option with the exercise price of $0. 00756 or the call option with the exercise price of $0. 00792? What are differences between these two alternatives? 3.Given the above information, how may you take advantages of this situation? 4. Assume the standard deviation for yen is about $0. 0005. If you believe that the future spot rate will likely be two standard deviations above and below the expected spot rate (0. 006912) by the delivery date, what are your maximum gain and loss for option contracts and future contract respectively? Please draw a contingency diagram for each type of contract and also mark the maximum gain, loss, and a break-even price point for each type of contract in your answer. Please show your calculation

Analysis of Elizabeth Birchs Speech on Human Rights essays

Analysis of Elizabeth Birchs Speech on Human Rights essays In Elizabeth Birchs speech on Hate Crimes, presented on August 15, 2000 at the Human Rights Campaign, she speaks out about what she believes is right. She begins the speech with the statement, I am honored to speak here as a gay American. This is an effective attention getting device. The audience is curious to know how her sexual preference is going to tie into the rest of the speech. Her preview statement is about Americas family not yet being complete. She is going to tell the audience why it is not yet whole. The thesis is clear, and it leaves the audience interested. The specific purpose of the speech is to speak out as a homosexual about human rights and to encourage voting for Al Gore in the 2000 presidential campaign. The speech design used is both the pros of Hate crimes (Problem), Government control (Problem), Homosexuality, (Pros of) Al Gore (Solution), (Cons of) George Bush. The content was well chosen, it definitely got the point across. It was suited for the occasion and audience, being a Human Rights Campaign. Birch used a number of different kinds of supporting material. She began the speech with different hate crimes, which are actual examples. To show the severity on which the topic she was going to present, she described the way Matthew Shepard, a gay teenager, was killed. Birch also used a statistic to prove her point with numbers, stating that Americans can be fired in 30 states on the simple basis of being gay. A third-person narrative was also used in Birchs speech when she talks about her own children in hope that when they grow up they will accept her as a homosexual. Birch did a good job of using an ample amount of supporting material to sustain her arguments. I would not suggest she use any other supports. The main appeal used by Birch in this spe...

Free Essays on Economic Boom

AMERICA'S economic boom may have nurtured a new breed of harmless and incompetent white-collar criminal but fresh accusations concerning Wall Street Mafiosi have reminded investors of the raw thuggery their money can also attract. The US authorities have charged more than 100 people with crimes ranging from securities fraud to "solicitation of murder" in the biggest crackdown on stock fraudsters in history. What gave the dawn raids extra spice was the alleged involvement of all five families - Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese and Luchese - that comprise La Cosa Nostra in New York. The Mob allegedly gained control of DMN Capital, a Manhattan investment bank, which was then run as a "joint venture" to co-ordinate "crews" of crooked brokers at various shady firms across the region. Brokers were bribed with excessive commissions for pushing house stocks. Those that tried to renege on the agreement were beaten. The defendants had a list of aliases that was almost as long as their charge sheet: "Little Robert", "Frankie", "Sebbie", "Ralphie", "Vinny" and "Sal". They even allegedly bribed a retired NYPD detective with, among other things, a fur coat and money for a swimming pool. Their aim was to persuade a police pension fund to direct money to a crooked investment manager, prosecutors claimed. Contrast this with the other big financial crime story of the moment - Martin Frankel's attempt to stay out of the hands of US prosecutors. Frankel is accused of defrauding American insurers out of hundreds of millions of dollars before fleeing his Connecticut mansion for Europe (but not before leaving a charred "to do" list that included a reminder to "launder money"). He was caught eventually in Germany, laden with fake passports and diamonds. Last week Frankel pleaded guilty to smuggling in an attempt to avoid being extradited to the US, where he complains that he may be handed a prison sentence of inhuman length. The whining F... Free Essays on Economic Boom Free Essays on Economic Boom AMERICA'S economic boom may have nurtured a new breed of harmless and incompetent white-collar criminal but fresh accusations concerning Wall Street Mafiosi have reminded investors of the raw thuggery their money can also attract. The US authorities have charged more than 100 people with crimes ranging from securities fraud to "solicitation of murder" in the biggest crackdown on stock fraudsters in history. What gave the dawn raids extra spice was the alleged involvement of all five families - Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino, Genovese and Luchese - that comprise La Cosa Nostra in New York. The Mob allegedly gained control of DMN Capital, a Manhattan investment bank, which was then run as a "joint venture" to co-ordinate "crews" of crooked brokers at various shady firms across the region. Brokers were bribed with excessive commissions for pushing house stocks. Those that tried to renege on the agreement were beaten. The defendants had a list of aliases that was almost as long as their charge sheet: "Little Robert", "Frankie", "Sebbie", "Ralphie", "Vinny" and "Sal". They even allegedly bribed a retired NYPD detective with, among other things, a fur coat and money for a swimming pool. Their aim was to persuade a police pension fund to direct money to a crooked investment manager, prosecutors claimed. Contrast this with the other big financial crime story of the moment - Martin Frankel's attempt to stay out of the hands of US prosecutors. Frankel is accused of defrauding American insurers out of hundreds of millions of dollars before fleeing his Connecticut mansion for Europe (but not before leaving a charred "to do" list that included a reminder to "launder money"). He was caught eventually in Germany, laden with fake passports and diamonds. Last week Frankel pleaded guilty to smuggling in an attempt to avoid being extradited to the US, where he complains that he may be handed a prison sentence of inhuman length. The whining F...

International business finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International business finance - Case Study Example The report comprehensively analyses the strategies at hand for the XP PLC multinational company and consequently recommends the best strategy/option to be adopted on the basis of financial facts. The XP plc Company’s strengths include diversified business operations in a number of countries. The company has a holding company situated in France. However, it has a number of subsidiaries operating in foreign countries such as in Germany, Australia, Monaco, and Poland. Additionally, the firm has stable sales revenue of over 60 million Euros. This is a clear indication that the company made superior products that are tailored for its customers, hence gaining customer loyalty. The customer loyalty comes about due to the satisfaction of the customers’ preferences and choices. For a company to continue operating in a business environment, it must be in a position to yield profits to cater for company expenses, financing activities, investment purposes and maximizing the company’s value. Since the firm is trading at a net profit of 8%, it has a stable future operation in the economy. A business organisation that is incapable of financing its business activities u sing internal funds such as equity is compelled to borrow from external sources available. Among the external sources of funds is the debt that increases the firm’s financial leverage. Since the proportion of the debt is smaller as compared to the equity, the financial risk is reduced hence a strength to the company that could otherwise be a threat had the debt outweighed the equity capital. The multinational company suffers from a stiff competition in the service industry. This has caused the company to at least diversify its operation worldwide to increase its products and services delivery. The company uses bureaucratic kind of management making it difficulty in making decisions faster. XP plc being a multinational company, it has a chance for diversity. The firm has

Free writing journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free writing journal - Essay Example He was rich. He had a great a education. From the description of the speaker, we can assume that Richard Cory was also a very popular man who knew how to fairly treat people. Richard Cory was our dream. The characteristics that were presented in the poem indicates that there is much more than what we see from people we encounter everyday. We may not know it but our tough boss or our friendly traffic cop could have had a very bad childhood experience that tainted their view of the world as they were growing up. We would only see the outward appearance of the person and what they would like to portray. This shows that we all have masks, just like Richard Cory. That is why everyone was surprised when he committed suicide. We have different experiences, expectations and perspectives about our lives. But what is common between each one of us is the need for us to keep some things private. We choose what who we are in the eyes of other people. That is exactly the reason we should not judge anyone. And we should not assume that someone is happy or sad just because of what they are showing you. It’s just sad that we make the same mistake over and over. We never learn. Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy is about a girl who struggled to meet the social expectations of beauty. She was so obsessed with the idea of being beautiful that she was willing to sacrifice her own life just to achieve it. We are born with our natural beauty. But as we grow older, we are faced with the different expectations of beauty. Some societies see beauty as fair or white skin, high cheekbones and pointed nose. A slim figure is also another expectation of beauty. When you are heavy or fat or dark skinned or with thick curly hair, you are not a part of the beautiful circle in the society. Since we come from different societies, we have different expectations. It is a sad thing, though, to find a society that puts great bearing on the physical appearance of girls.

Rising levels of Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rising levels of Obesity - Essay Example These effects are long term. Consequently, the rise in obesity rates has not only detrimental health impacts, but also economic and social effects both at the state and international levels. With the mandate of the government to provide efficient health care, and promote the welfare of the people, every government has a role to play in curbing the increasing rates of obesity across the world. The government is best positioned to implement prevention strategies through regulation of foods and drinks production, education on best dietary and physical activity practices, as well as treatment. This paper focuses on how governments can intervene appropriately to curb the proliferation of obesity in its population citing South African and Mexican governments as examples. The main factors leading to increased levels of obesity include; increased energy intake, increasingly sedentary lifestyles, and changes in family and social perceptions and structures (Astudio, 2013). Increased energy consumption is as a result of the rise in energy dense drinks and foods, large serving sizes, lack of enough time to prepare meals at home leading most meals eaten away with high energy and fats. Besides, computer games and televisions have displaced the old active recreational activities such as riding bikes. Advanced technology and infrastructure have reduced transport-related activities such cycling and walking. Therefore, the government ought to target these aspects to implementing intervention programs to curb obesity. The government can effectively prevent and treat obesity and overweight conditions through well-funded programs, political support, education, inter-sectorial collaboration, evidence-based planning, as well as participatory community initiatives (Astudio, 2013). The government ought to formulate and implement policies

Ethical Business Scenario Essay Example for Free

Ethical Business Scenario Essay Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) in the U. S earn a hefty salary compared to CEO’s in Europe. They earn on a daily basis what an average worker would earn in a whole year. To some this is justified by the fact that they are talented and that the forces of demand and supply dictate they earn more. To others this is unfair as the employees who also contributed massively to the success of the company get very little in return. Again, European CEO’s earn three times lesser what the CEO’s in U. S earn despite their having similar qualification. According to pay analysts the high salaries could have rose due imperfections in the market place. CEO salaries are determined by Board Committees, which fail to link performance with the salary awarded. This allows for great variance in the salary scales of workers. Consultancy firms that advice such committees on how much to pay the CEO are also a factor contributing to hefty CEO salaries. Hefty CEO salaries do not translate to better performance. The company shares could be declining due to customer dissatisfaction despite them spending so much money on CEO’s pay. Workers pay remain very low even after the federal increment of the minimum wage however this is like a drop in the sea as when adjusted for inflation it is still 7% below where it was 10 years ago. On the contrary CEO’s pay has rose by 45% after being adjusted for inflation. The CEO’s also gain from many benefits from the companies they work for. Different philosophers have different views on ethical and justice issues. Aristotle was dissatisfied with unjust gain. He insisted on the importance of ethical behavior and shows that people with virtues have performance in whatever they partake. Happiness is the spice of life and all human beings work to attain it. All actions are for a purpose or an end and people enhance tools needed to attain the goals they want in life. For instance a knife’s work is to cut and to cut better knives should be sharp. Peoples action should aim at making them better people and building their character. The essence of being human is the ability to reason. Virtues are classified into moral and intellectual moral virtues entail gentleness, liberty, truthfulness, wit and pride. To him, a mean is appropriate, too much or a deficient should be discouraged. Barnes, 500) Justice is an important virtue to him and he classifies it into two; particular and general. Particular justice complements the general justice by not earning unjust gains from an act while general justice is being observant to virtues relating to people. Intellectual virtues include knowledge, wisdom, prudence and art and they distinguish people’s capabilities as people behave according to them. Gaining at the expense of others is unjust. Injustice is said to occur when someone gets too little of a good thing or too much of a bad thing. (Michael, 59) Kant’s moral theory entails the ‘supreme principle of categorical imperative’ that entails the formula of universal law and of the end in itself. He says that man should â€Å"act in such a way that you always treat humanity in your own person or in the person of any other never simply as a means but always at †¦. the same time as an end†. All people act for a reason, which he calls ‘maxim’. (Alan, 66) To him maxims are more important and they should be pursued despite the harm or misery they cause on the process. People should just be cautious not to use others as mere means to an end but as ends in themselves. Using someone as a mere means implies that the person’s consent is not sought. (Onora, 219) People can be used as mere means by deceiving them; using false pretenses or giving misleading account at their expense. Coercion can also be used in using people as means to an end. Justice, to Kant entails not acting on maxims that use others as mere means to an end. Duties performed should be beneficial even to the people used in attaining the goals. Kantian approach does not focus a lot on the outcomes of an act but on the intentions. Sometimes good intentions could result to bad results. Human beings are rational beings with the ability to choose and plan and consequently should not be used as mere means in attaining happiness or goals in life. Kant emphasizes on cosmopolitan justice where justice is felt at a global level. His approach allows respect for human rights and also encourages cultural diversity. (Onora, 218) Sartre explains how we live in a society full of oppression and exploitation. He tries to create a responsible nation. People have different egos and should be controlled by their consciousness in doing their actions Sartre was an atheist who believed that God doesn’t exist. He devotes concerns to emotion as a spontaneous activity of consciousness that is projected onto the real world. To him people use their free will in partaking their actions and this poses the danger of people not being ready to take responsibility for their deeds. Freedom should entail responsibility as only then can people’s living conditions be improved. Human dignity would be retained freedom. Freedom is therefore corporate social responsibility. The society is full of hostility of man towards his fellow men. Sartre coins Marxist theory and states that ‘man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself’. The ultimate responsibilities of man are to first form himself then have social responsibility to help society. â€Å"Man can will nothing unless he has first understood that he must count no one but himself; that he is alone, abandoned on earth in the midst of his infinite responsibilities, without help, with no other aim than the one he sets himself, with no other destiny than the one he forges for himself on this earth† (Being Nothing 1943). Aristotle would see the high salaries of CEO as justified. This is because the CEO’s have established what they want in life and have worked hard to achieve it. They may have acquired appropriate education and professional skills that is required in the demanding CEO Job. This can be seen as the sharpening of a knife used for cutting objects. The good pay rewards their hard work and they attain happiness, which is very vital in human beings life. CEO’s have moral virtues as they find pride in what they do using the liberal means. They do not unjustly gain as they have what it takes to be in the CEO’s position. Just like other human beings, the CEO’s can reason but can do it better no wonder they get such positions. The workers should be challenged to improve on their skills to enable them become better people in society. However, Aristotle would consider CEO’s who earn hefty pay but fail to perform as being unjust. This could be attributed to the fact that the equilibrium or balance required between the good is not attained. Giving too much to the CEO’s and very little to the workers despite their hard work in itself a form of injustice. However, CEO’s can be justified with their hefty salaries because they have the appropriate knowledge and wisdom to lead companies to great heights in society. To him virtue is about proper functioning of something and consequently things should work properly for that which they are meant to do. CEO’s should earn enough salary to justify what they are worth. To Kant, hefty salaries for CEO’s would be a normal scenario in the society. This is because in society people have different ‘maxims’ or purposes for which they intend to satisfy. The only point of concern to consider when satisfying this maxim is to make sure one does not use others as mere means to an end. Although CEO’s have hefty wages they strive to attain what it takes to be in such positions. Again they do not use workers as mere means to an end but as ends to themselves. This is attributed to the fact that the workers gain in this arrangement. The CEO’s ensure good management of the organization or company, which translates to increased profits, and survival of the firm. Without these the companies would close down and the employees or workers too, would lose their jobs. Since the workers are aware of the situation then it is all right. (Lewis et al, 40) In most cases, the CEO’s do not use false pretenses of what they are doing. They provide clear guidelines of the company’s or firms. Again they do not use any form of coercion or use misleading accounts at the expense of the workers. Their wages are therefore justified as the good intentions, which are of much importance that lead to bad results. Workers work harder at the ground but the pay does not match the hard work. To Kant, human beings are rational and have the free will to plan not be exploited by being used as mere means to an end. Workers can choose and plan to develop their skills, which would see them in higher positions in society. Higher positions translate to better pay and a good life in general. Hefty salaries for CEO’s according to Sartre would be another form of exploitation, which is common in society. The society is full of individuals who are out to take advantage of their fellow individuals. CEO’s have an ego that shows they are very prominent and important in the society as well as in the companies they work for. Consultation firms that work to ensure the salaries are high also share that feeling. This feeling that CEO’s deserve hefty pays ensures that the salaries remain high at the expense of the workers who work more. Sartre would see the lack of corporate social responsibility on CEO’s to their workers. Human beings are what they choose to be and they have the freedom at their disposal. CEO’s choose such positions and pursue all that entails being there but they should show some responsibility to society by ensuring that the workers salaries are increased. Earning what someone else in the same company or firm would earn in a whole year is a high degree of oppression. On the contrary workers contribute to their oppression by not airing their grievances like demonstrating against the hefty CEO’s wages. Man is nothing without mutual responsibility and consequently responsibility should be instilled in the CEO’s minds. They can reduce their salaries and work to improve the workers welfare by increasing their salaries. Sartre is close in explaining my view that CEO’s should not be earning in a day what a worker earns in a whole year. Workers perform most of the work and rewarding their efforts will be appropriate. It will act as an incentive to work. Motivated workers produce quality work, which would lead to increased profits. CEO’s should not be too selfish in feasting on the largest piece of cake. They should show some responsibility which is part of what makes a human being by ensuring reduced salaries on their part while increasing the workers pay (Thomas, 150) The role of the workers in an organization cannot be underestimated. Despite good management from the CEO the workers should work under conducive environment. For firms to thrive, workers are involved at the grass root level in implementing of policies. Mere formulation without implementation is useless. Equality can be maintained by following the pay on performance approach where both CEO’s and workers are encouraged to work for the benefit of the whole firm or organization. Workers should unite in fighting for fair or justice in pay. CEO should not be paid hefty pay at the expense of workers. Appropriate measures should be taken to ensure that workers are not exploited. Closing loopholes on taxes that allow companies to deduct, as much money as they please should be observed. Compensation should be done with relation to performance and increment in pay should be justified. Introducing progressive taxes can work to reduce the amount of money CEO’s take home as salaries. Limit should be made on the amount of money CEO’s can take as their retirement plans. This will reduce the hefty amount of money CEO’s take home on retirement.