Describe the impact of neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities on Essay

Describe the impact of neuronal and neurotransmitter abnormalities on brain function - Essay Example All of them are associated with decreasing patients’ intellectual abilities and certain physical abnormalities that affect significantly normal human activities (Deb S., McHugh R, 2010). Neurons are special nerve cells in human organism, which are able to transfer the information from one cell to another within the whole human body, and in such way support normal human activities and provide adequate reactions for all outside and inside irritants. According to Stufflebeam, â€Å"neurons  are the basic information processing structures in the CNS† (Stufflebeam, 2008).   Neurons are joined in some kind of network with neuroglial cells that support and protect them providing all the conditions for transmitting electric impulses and special chemicals called transmitters. â€Å"Every information processing  system  in the CNS is composed of neurons and glia; so too are the  networks  that compose the systems (and the maps)†¦   Glia  (or  glial cells) are the cells that provide support to the neurons.  Ã¢â‚¬  (Stufflebeam, 2008).   There is a huge amount of different categories of neurons, which are quite diverse within their structure. Usually, the types of neuron cells are classified in the following way (Stufflebeam): sensory neurons  serve for transmission of the information from sensory receptors to CNS by means nerve impulses though their long axons. Motor neurons  are also equipped with comparably long axons and convey nerve impulses from CNS to muscles and glands in human body. Interneurons  are also known as relay or connector neurons and commonly have cells of smaller size with a lot of interconnections to transfer information among different types of neurons. Neurotransmission process The main function of neuron cells is to receive the needful information from other neurons and to send it further through the whole human body. The process of information transferring is quite sophisticated and even nowadays th ere exist a lot of disagreements concerning its certain features. â€Å"Neurotransmission  (or  synaptic transmission) is communication between neurons as accomplished by the movement of chemicals or electrical signals across a synapse† (Stufflebeam, 2008).   There are two main stages in neuronal information transmitting (Stufflebeam): intracellular signaling represents communication between neurons through the instrumentality of special chemical mediums called neurotransmitters. intercellular signaling means that information is transmitted inside one neuronal cell in a form of electric impulses, which speed could reach 150 m/s. These impulses are called action potentials and are transferred through neurons’ axons. Further, they are transformed into transmitters at chemical synapses. According to Stufflebeam, â€Å"for any interneuron, its function is to receive INPUT "information"  from other neurons through synapses, to process that information, then to send "information" as OUTPUT to other neurons through synapses† (Stufflebeam, 2008). Brain abnormalities Peter and Singer (2006) state that most of the brain’s cognitive functions are founded on the synchronized communications of many neurons, which leads to the obvious conclusion that even tiny deviations in normal neurons functioning could cause quite serious

Measuring the electrical resistivity of a wire Lab Report

Measuring the electrical resistivity of a wire - Lab Report Example For a piece of the conductor, its resistance is determined using the following relationship; Where, L is the length of the wire where the voltage is measured, and A is the area of the cross-section of the wire. Resistivity is measured in ohm-meters (ÃŽ ©m). The cross sectional area can be determined using the following formula. Conductivity specifies the electrical character of the conductor in terms of its capability in conducting current. Conductivity is measured in units of ohm-meters (ÃŽ ©m-1). Most metals are very good electricity conductors (Bird, 2013). Validity is the process of determining whether or not the obtained data is correct and the degree of its validity (Holm, 2013). The process is done by obtaining the percentage errors in the readings reflecting the data accuracy. Percentage error: In every experiment, error are meant to occur due to measurement accuracies (Mathsisfun.com, 2012). In our experiment, we used the meter ruler where reading were made by eye observation. Direct observation can give different records due to different angles of view. The voltmeter and the ammeter also give wrong readings if they are not correctly calibrated. The next time we perform an experiment on the resistance of the conductor, we would first conduct research on the various factors affecting the resistance of the conductor in use and choose the most effective one. The experiment was performed by regulating the voltage on the circuit. Due to this regulations, the current flowing through the Iron conductor also changed. The reading of the different voltages were recorded and the corresponding current. Resistance was determined from the obtained recordings of the voltages and current. In the graphs obtained by plotting resistance against the length, it can be seen clearly how the length is proportionally related to the resistance. As the length increases so do the resistance. It clearly shows that our graph obeys Ohms law since the line passes